Eldonata de Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri la Monda Lingvo-Problemo
(UEA, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, NL- 3015 BJ Rotterdam, Nederlando)
Redaktoro: Detlev Blanke, Otto-Nagel-Str. 110, DE-12683 Berlin; tel. +49-30-5412633; fax +49-30-5456742; e-mail: blanke.gil@berlin.snafu.de
1 Personoj
1.1 Aleksandr Dulicenko – 60-jara
1.2 Honorigo por Liu Haitao
1.3 Alphonse Matejka (1902-1999)
2 La antologio „Studoj pri interlingvistiko“
2.1 Kimura Goro C.: Conscious Interventions in Language Use - Perspectives
and
Problems in Forming a Comprehensive Theory (D)
2.2 Ignat F. Bociort: Artificial
and Natural Approaches in the Development of the
Romanian Language in the 19th Century: A Historical Sketch (E)
2.3 Johannes
Irmscher (†):Greek as an International Language (D)
2.4 Christer Kiselman:
The Situation of Swedish in the Fields of Technology, Mathematics, and the
Natural Sciences (E)
2.5 Werner Bormann: Changes in the Balance of Power:
Linguistic Implications (D)
2.6 Hans Erasmus: The Language Problem in the
European Union (D)
2.7 Max Hans-Jürgen Mattusch: Globalisation and European
Foreign Language Training (D)
2.8 Renato Corsetti: Human Rights, Linguistic
Human Rights and Esperanto (E)
2.9 Aleksandr D. Dulicenko: Planned Language:
Between Engineered and Ethnic
Languages (Report of a Typological Analysis) (E)
2.10 Sergej N. Kuznecov :
Interlinguistics in a 'cosmic dimension':
A journey between
cosmoglottics and cosmolinguistics (E)
2.11 LIU Haitao: Interlinguistics
from an Informatics Perspective (E)
2.12 Klaus Schubert: The Optimization of
International Communication: The New
Industrial Language Design from an Interlinguistic Perspective (E)
2.13 Probal
Dasgupta: The Metaliterature (E)
2.14 Mark Fettes: "Essence and future" -
a centennial retrospective (E)
2.15 Vera Barandovská-Frank: A Forgotten
Pan-Slavic Volapukist (E)
2.16 Árpád Ratkai: Ido in Hungary (E)
2.17 Ulrich Lins: Oka
Asajirô, a Japanese Cosmopolitan (D)
2.18 Ulrich Becker: Interlinguistics
and the Internet (D)
2.19 Katalin Smidéliusz: Hands-On Interlinguistics
(Language Planning as a
Teaching Technique –
A Report on an Experiment at Szombathely University) (E)
2.20 Cornelia Mannewitz:
Linguistic Inventions in Russian Science Fiction (D)
2.21 Humphrey Tonkin:
Esperantology, Exogenous and Endogenous (E)
2.22 Daniele Vitali: The Nasals
in the International Language (E)
2.23 Constantin Dominte: Phonostatistical
Remarks on Esperanto (E)
2.24 Ottó Haszpra: Frequency of Letters in Esperanto
Texts (E)
2.25 Geraldo Mattos: The Case of Case (E)
2.26 Otto Prytz: Characterization
of the Infinitive in General and of the Esperanto
Infinitive in Particular (E)
2.27 Erich-Dieter Krause: Asian loan words in
Esperanto (D)
2.28 Ronald Lötzsch: Ethnonyms and Names of Citizens in German,
Russian and
Esperanto (D)
2.29 Otto Back: Esperanto traces in Occidental (D)
2.30 Heidemarie Salevsky:
Will those evening bells sound right in Esperanto, too?
(The problem of translatability in a planned language) (D)
2.31 Gerrit Berveling:
Biblical Translation, Especially in Esperanto: Some Personal
Experiences (E)
2.32 Hans-Burkhard Dietterle: Johannes Dietterle - Organizer
of Scientific Work for
Esperanto (D)
2.33 Fritz Wollenberg: Esperanto in Berlin: Historiographic Reflections
(D)
2.34 Zbignew Galor: The Esperanto Movement: A Lost Community? (E)
2.35 Andy
Künzli: René de Saussure (1868-1943) - a Tragic but
Important
Interlinguist“ (E)
2.36 Balázs Wacha: Some Reflections on René de
Saussure (E)
2.37 Till-Dietrich Dahlenburg: Political Topicality in Esperanto
Textbooks by East German Authors (E)
2.38 Sabine Fiedler: "Die B/blanke Wissenschaft" -
Ludic Communication
in Esperanto (E)
2.39 Aleksandr Melnikov: On the Aesthetic/Emotive Function
of Esperanto (E)
2.40 Heinz Hoffmann: The Role of a Planned Language in Dealing
with Conceptual
Differences between Languages: The Case of Railway Terminology
in Esperanto(E)
2.41 Boris D. Marinov/Karl-Hermann Simon/Ingward Ullrich/Horst
Weckwerth:
On the International Language Communication in the Field of Forestry (E)
2.42
Ulrich Fellmann: Big Numbers in Esperanto (E)
2.43 Ilona Koutny: Challenges
of Modern Lexicography to Esperanto (E)
3 Terminologio
3.1 Konciza historio de terminara laboro cxe Internacia Fervojista
Esperanto-Federacio IFEF
3.2. Pri terminologio en fakaplika libro
IpI informas pri interlingvistikaj aktivecoj kaj publicajhoj, inkluzive lingvo-politikaj. La redaktoro nur mencias materialojn, kiujn li ricevis en la originalo au kiel kopion. La bulteno estas bibliografie orientita, tamen ankau publikigas recenzojn, raportojn kaj aliajn materialojn.
En chi tiu kajero vi trovos la enhavtabelojn de kelkaj tre interesaj lingvopolitikaj libroj, bedaurinde precipe germanlingvaj. Kompreneble ne nur en la germana oni verkas pri lingvopolitikaj temoj lige al la Europa Unio. Tiaj libroj ja ankau ekzistas en aliaj lingvoj. Bedaurinde la redaktoro ne estas sufiche informita pri similaj eldonajhoj en la angla, franca, itala k.s. Se li ricevos tiajn librojn, li same informos pri ili.
Mi petis la konatan lingviston kaj interlingviston informi la legantojn de IpI iom pri si kaj sia verko (Red.)
Aýtobiografia resumo
Mi estas ukrajnano kaj mia plena nomo estas Aleksandr Dmitrijevic, mia familia nomo - Dulicenko. Mi naskiøis en Suda Rusio en regiono Krasnodar (Norda Kaýkazo), la 30-an de Oktobro 1941. Dum la tuta lerneja tempo mi interesiøis precipe pri lingvoj, komence mi volis okupiøi pri lingvoj de l’Oriento. Post abiturientiøo mi alvenis al Meza Azio, speciale al Turkmenio. En la universitato de la æefurbo de Turkmenio (Ashabad) mi studis filologion. Dum la tiea studado mi okupigis pri diversaj lingvoj, sed precipe pri slavaj. De 1966–1970 mi estis asistanto en la katedro pri rusa kaj øenerala lingvistiko en la Universitato de Samarkand (Uzbekio). En 1974 mi defendis disertacion de filologia kandidateco en la Instituto de slavistiko kaj balkanistiko æe Akademio de Sciencoj de USSR (Moskvo) pri la temo "Literatura rusina lingvo en Jugoslavio". La rusina lingvo estas mikrolingvo, nun ekzistas æ. 25000 parolantoj en tiu æi lingvo ("lingveto").
Ekde 1976 mi laboras en la Universitato de Tartu (Estonio) — unu el
la plej malnovaj universitatoj de Soveta Unio (fondita en 1632). En 1981 mi
doktoriøis (dr. habil.) per filologia disertacio "Slavaj literaturaj
mikrolingvoj" (krom la rusina lingvo ekzistis kaj ekzistas ankoraý deko
da tiaj lingvoj en la slava mondo) kaj fariøis universitata profesoro
doktoro sc. habil.
En la Universitato mi prelegas por la studentoj de Filologia fakultato pri øenerala
lingvistiko kaj slava filologio. Speciale mi lekcias por niaj studentoj pri
moderna interlingvistiko. En tiu æi direkto mi havas pli ol 350 publikigitajn
artikolojn sciencajn kaj apartajn verkojn en 20 eýropaj lingvoj, inter
ili pli ol 10 monografioj, ekz. "Slavaj literaturaj mikrolingvoj" (1981), "Soveta
interlingvistiko" (bibliografio; 1983) k. a. — vidu aldonon.
Estas aperinta en 1990 grandampleksa verko "Internaciaj helplingvoj",
kie estas prezentitaj enciklopediaj priskriboj de pli ol 900 projektoj de universalaj
(tutmondaj) kaj internaciaj helpaj lingvoj.
Ekde la jaro 1982 mi organizas, eldonas kaj redaktas novan sciencan serion de Tartua Universitato "Interlinguistica Tartuensis" — jam aperis sep volumoj dediæitaj al diversaj problemoj de la internacia lingva komunikado. En tiu æi serio scienca estas akceptita ankaý Esperanto. Samtempe mi eldonas kaj redaktas (ekde la jaro 1985) ankoraý unu novan sciencan serion de artikolaro "Slavica Tartuensia". En la jubilea jaro de Esperanto mi organizis en la Tartua Universitato sciencan interlingvistikan konferencon "Planlingvoj: rezultoj kaj perspektivoj" (1987), en kiu unuafoje en nia lando partoprenis æiuj sciencistoj okupiøantaj pri interlingvistiko (en siatempa Soveta Unio – la red.). Poste mi organizis duan Tartuan interlingvistikan konferencon, kiu okazis en oktobro 1990.
Esperanton mi eklernis dum studado en la Universitato (60-aj jaroj). En la
kadro de speciala kurso pri interlingvistiko por niaj studentoj mi lekcias
pri teoriaj aspektoj de la internacia lingvo.
En marto de la jaro 1989 mi estas elektita kiel plenrajta membro kaj orda profesoro
de Internacia Akademio de Sciencoj en San Marino.
Monografioj de Aleksandr Dulicenko: Kontakto blanke.gil@berlin.snafu.de
1.2 Honorigo por Liu Haitao
La cina interlingvisto Liu Haitao komence de 2001 estis distingita per la titolo "Excellent senior engineer" (elstara supera ingeniero), titolo kutime donita al elstara ingeniero kaj sciencisto en industrio. La titolo estas egala al universitata orda profesoro en Cinio.
1.3 Alphonse Matejka (1902-1999)
La 27-an de oktobro 1999 en la svisa urbo La Chaux-de-Fonds forpasis la konata
interlingvisto kaj unu el la plej gravaj occidentalistoj, Alphonse Matejka
(naskita 9.1.1902).Unue li laboris por Ido kaj poste farigis unu el la plej
kleraj adeptoj de Occidental-Interlingue. Dum jardekoj li redaktis la revuon “Cosmoglotta”,
publikigis lernolibrojn kaj vortarojn kaj aliajn materialojn (lau Cosmoglotta
59 [2000] N-ro 289)
2 La antologio "Studoj pri interlingvistiko"
Okaze al la 60-jarigo de Detlev Blanke aperis ampleksa kolekto de interlingvistikaj
studoj:
Fiedler, Sabine/ LIU, Haitao (2001, Hrsg.): Studoj pri interlingvistiko. Studien zur Interlinguistik. Festlibro omage al la 60-jarigo de Detlev Blanke. Festschrift für Detlev Blanke zum 60. Geburtstag. Dobrichovice (Praha): KAVA-PECH, 736 S., (Beiträge in Deutsch u. Esperanto, Einführung ü. DB [9-14], Tabula gratulatoria, [14-15], 43 Beiträge [19-674], Vorstellung der Beiträger [675-680], Auswahl a. d. Publikationen von DB [681-725], Index [726-736]), ISBN 80-85853-53-1
La titolo estas mendebla æe UEA (prezo æ. 20 eýroj).
La germanaj kontribuoj havas resumojn en la angla kaj en Esperanto, la esperantaj kontribuoj havas resumojn en la angla kaj la germana. Ni represas nur la anglajn resumojn.
D = La kontribuo mem aperas en la germana.
E = La kontribuo mem aperas en Esperanto.
2.1 Kimura Goro C. (Tokio/JP): Conscious
Interventions in Language Use - Perspectives and Problems in Forming a Comprehensive
Theory (D)
Conscious interventions in language use, such as those that planned language
or minority language movements, are often regarded as unusual or exceptional
phenomena removed from normal language behaviour. This study, in contrast,
advances the claim that conscious interventions form an essential part of everyday
language use. Searching for ways to integrate the conscious aspect into a general
theory of language use, this study presents and compares several theoretical
concepts of conscious intervention, among them 'verbal hygiene', 'language
management' and 'language ideology'.
2.2 Ignat F. Bociort (Timisoara/Berlin, RO/DE): Artificial and Natural Approaches
in the Development of the Romanian Language in the 19th Century: A Historical
Sketch (E)
The development of cultural life in the Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Moldavia
and Transylvania) in the 19th century required, as thinkers and scholars realized,
the unification and modernization of the national language. This process was
dominated by two distinct tendencies. Transylvanian historians and linguists
- Cipariu, Pumnul, Laurean and others - regarded the language as an instrument
in the struggle for the political right of Romanians in the Habsburg Empire.
Therefore, they favoured a kind of "artificial" approach, in which
words of Latin, Italian or French origin would be coined to replace non-Latin
elements, and new words could be derived by generalizing old suffixes of Latin
origin. In order to emphasize the Latin character of Romanian, an etymological
principle should be applied in orthography and the old Cyrillic alphabet should
be replaced by the Latin one. A similar point of view was advocated in Wallachia
by Eliade Radulescu, who even proposed the "Italianization" of the
language. This direction was opposed by Moldavian writers - Alecsandri, Russo,
Negruzzi and later Maiorescu, one of the most pre-eminent scholars of that
time. They favoured a kind of "historical-popular" approach arguing
that the language should remain intelligible for common people and should fulfil
aesthetic requirements. The debates resulted in the gradual and moderate introduction
of neologisms, the phonetic principle in orthography and the Latin alphabet.
2.3 Johannes Irmscher (†) (Berlin/DE, ) : Greek as an International Language (D)
The Greek language was the colloquial medium in large parts of the Orbis antiquus,
and also, to some extent, the transnational medium of literature. Its role
as an international language remained significant until Byzantine times, and
even later within the Ottoman Empire. Conditions have changed, however, with
the foundation of the modern Turkish state and the expulsion of the Greeks
from Asia Minor. Nowadays Greek associations try to present Greek as a medium
of international communication. While doing good work in language education
and culture, they cannot succeed in this particular aim due to geographical
and political changes and the development of the Greek language itself. The
progress of English as a global language cannot be stopped; instead, the Greeks
need to maintain and cultivate their natural language as the inheritor of an
international cultural tradition.
2.4 Christer Kiselman (Uppsala/SE): The Situation of Swedish in the Fields
of Technology, Mathematics, and the Natural Sciences (E)
The status of the Swedish language in technology, mathematics, and the natural
sciences is discussed. Organizations which deal with language planning (`language
cultivation') of Swedish, both generally and specifically in science and technology,
are presented. The Swedish Language Council has elaborated and sent to the
Government of Sweden an action program containing proposals aimed at promoting
the status of Swedish - it is all about status planning, not corpus planning.
However, corpus planning in science and technology is certainly not unnecessary
- the same can be said about acquisition planning of scientific language. To
explore this, a concrete method to measure the status of Swedish scientific
language is proposed as a first step: a comparison with existing data bases
of Icelandic scientific terminology would be relatively easy to realize. Finally,
the possibilities of corpus and acquisition planning of Swedish in the sciences
are examined.
2.5 Werner Bormann (Hamburg/DE): Changes in the Balance of Power: Linguistic
Implications (D)
Those who put forward the idea of a neutral common language are confronted
by the fact that a national language currently fulfils the role they have in
mind. English is a world language in reality, Esperanto a world language only
potentially. The huge importance of English is firmly linked to the dominance
of the United States as a world power. However, the European Union has the
capability to challenge the United States, as it is already doing in world
trade and economic affairs. Increasingly the EU is adopting its own direction
in social affairs, lifestyle, sport and cultural affairs, even though the U.S.
retains greater prestige in scientific fields and in the universities. The
waning domination of the U.S. suggests that similar developments could occur
in the field of language. If English were to lose its hegemony, that would
provide new opportunities for neutral solutions, especially (because it is
tried and tested) for Esperanto. On the other hand, as has happened in many
newly independent countries, English might continue to be widely used even
under different political and social circumstances.
2.6 Hans Erasmus (Voorburg/NL): The Language Problem in the European Union
(D)
Although the language problem in the European Union is an important one, politicians,
commercial and industrial leaders, and the general public are not seriously
concerned about it, or at least do not analyse the phenomenon in any depth.
There is widespread acceptance of the increasing dominance of English, whether
or not this development accords with politically accepted principles or views
such as equality, language and cultural diversity, human (and language) rights,
efficiency, etc. The author argues for organizing a European-wide in-depth
discussion on language policy, based on the so-called interactive process which
the author himself introduced within the European Commission in support of
environmental policy-making. A working-group consisting of high-powered representatives
of all strata of society defines the problem, drafts an information document
full of facts and figures, makes an analysis, and drafts an option document
containing various possible solutions. Finally the working group makes a choice
or choices. In this way it would also be possible, in more detail and greater
depth, to tackle all the aspects, possibilities and prospects of Esperanto.
2.7 Max Hans-Jürgen Mattusch (Düsseldorf/DE): Globalisation
and European Foreign Language Training (D)
The ministerial Committee of the Council of Europe has recommended improving
foreign language training at schools and universities. The paper describes
the present state of foreign language training in Europe and points out different
alternatives emerging from this formal recommendation. Due to global developments
the linguistic trend in Europe is towards English as a lingua franca (besides
the mother tongue). Nevertheless also French still plays an important role,
and English alone is not enough to make oneself understood to other cultures.
Therefore, at schools and especially at universities there should be opportunities
to learn other languages besides English, including non-European languages.
It should be made more attractive for intermediate and higher grade pupils
to learn foreign languages, while university students should be encouraged
to enroll in language classes even when this is not formally required. The
idea of a neutral language like Esperanto as a lingua franca, however, has
been met with little interest so far. The further development of European language
training depends on the language problem being brought more than before into
the political debate.
2.8 Renato Corsetti (Palestrina/IT): Human Rights, Linguistic Human Rights
and Esperanto (E)
This article reviews the development of the concept of Human Rights in the
world and particularly in the documents of the United Nations. In addition,
it describes the increasingly widely debated concept of Linguistic Human Rights.
The Esperanto movement has always emphasised Linguistic Human Rights from Zamenhof's
time to the present day, although the name for the concept has varied. The
fact that circles outside the Esperanto movement are now becoming aware of
this problem will, perhaps, increase the chances of the movement's message
being taken seriously.
2.9 Aleksandr D. Dulicenko (Tartu/EE): Planned Language: Between Engineered
and Ethnic Languages (Report of a Typological Analysis) (E)
The author analyzes parameters and structural schemes of ethnic languages
(EL) and socialized planned languages (PL), the latter being represented by
Esperanto (as well as Ido, Occidental-Interlingue and Interlingua; in the past
also Volapük). He proposes a model of language creation according to which
a planned language is considered merely to embody a higher level of linguistic
abstraction than a standardized (written) literary ethnic language.
2.10 Sergej N. Kuznecov (Moskau/RU): Interlinguistics in a ‚cosmic dimension’:
A journey between cosmoglottics and cosmolinguistics (E)
The modern field of interlinguistics developed from an earlier theory of universal
languages (cosmoglottics, where cosmo- means 'terrestrial world')
in distinction to a broader theory of cosmic intercourse (cosmolinguistics,
where cosmo- means 'extraterrestrial world'). Cosmolinguistics is a part of
the cosmic paradigm, which comprises astronomical, mythological, literary and
linguistic components, and which in post-revolutionary Russia acquired a political
interpretation as well. Working within this tradition, in 1920 V. Gordin developed
the apriori language project AO, which in 1927 was presented at the first exhibition
of interplanetary travels as a language of cosmic communication. The ideological
foundation of the language was a special branch of anarchism (pananarchism),
while the material forms of the language were linked to the same sources as
futuristic poetry.
2.11 LIU Haitao (Xining/CN): Interlinguistics from an Informatics Perspective
(E)
Interlinguistics is a discipline which investigates international linguistic
communication from many perspectives, including that of information science
("informatics"). This branch of the field applies information theory
and computational linguistics to interlingual communication and planned languages.
Beginning from the Shannon model, some models of interlingual communication
are briefly analyzed. It is shown that the model in which a planned language
is adopted as a common second language is the most rational and optimal solution
in informatic terms. Since Esperanto has increasingly developed the sociolinguistic
traits of a natural language, the techniques of computational linguistics can
be used to investigate its function; studies of letter and word frequency and
automated language processing are reviewed. With the exception of its accented
letters, Esperanto is better adapted to information technology than natural
languages, as confirmed in the DLT studies on its use in syntactic and semantic
computation. Nonetheless, Esperanto's potential in natural language processing
(NLP) has not yet been fully realised, and many of the existing studies and
computing applications are superficial or limited in scope owing to the lack
of financial support. Theoretically, Esperanto and interlinguistics could contribute
substantially to computational linguistics, but more intensive and practically
oriented studies are needed to achieve this goal.
2.12 Klaus Schubert (Flensburg/DE): The Optimization of International Communication:
The New Industrial Language Design from an Interlinguistic Perspective (E)
Blanke has called interlinguistics the science of optimizing international
communication. Today, this same objective is being pursued in a number of industrial
efforts to purposefully design languages tailored to the needs of communication
between humans as well as between man and machine. The study examines the controlled
languages, designed with a view to improved comprehensibility, increased translatability
and more efficient machine translation. It further looks into the intermediate
languages of machine translation and the automatically interpretable languages
of software engineering. As for experience in the optimization of communication,
interlinguistics is a century ahead of the new industrial language design efforts.
2.13 Probal Dasgupta (Hyderabad, IN): The Metaliterature (E)
Literary writing compels a communicative bridging based on one's acquaintance
with one's entireties. Among scholars in literatures in ethnic languages, there
is a growing awareness of the need for cognitive neutrality with respect to
one's entireties. Neutral understandings take the form of reproposals, of social
proposals getting launched in a metaliterary space (most exemplarily/usably
in Esperanto culture), where the co-proponents possess a community level awareness
about the palimpsest-like background and the negotiable actuality of proposals
by contemporaries. Negotiation presupposes dialogue between the schemata from
above and the naturals from below, which between the two of them define some
Domesticology. Only tools of inquiry available in interlinguistics will enable
us to initiate this necessary discipline. Thus, one can and must make the key
interlinguistic concepts and apparatus available to potential users who look
at ethnic language literatures and who are still unaware of the existence,
usability, and suitability of these tools.
2.14 Mark Fettes (Vancouver/CA): "Essence and future" -
a centennial retrospective (E)
The Esperanto interlinguistic tradition began with an essay by the language's
author, L.L. Zamenhof, which in 1900 was read (in translation) before the French
Academy of Sciences. "Essence and future of the international language
idea" set out many of the themes that were to occupy interlinguists over
the course of the next sixty years. This centennial retrospective identifies
a tension in Zamenhof's argument between technical metaphors and issues, on
the one hand, and the social and cultural dimensions of his project, on the
other. It is argued that interlinguistics needs to devote more attention to
the theoretical and practical study of the latter.
2.15 Vera Barandovská-Frank (Paderborn/DE): A Forgotten Pan-Slavic Volapukist
(E)
The reciprocal influence between planned languages and natural language planning
is illustrated by the case of Václav Plocek, a Moravian Czech who translated
J.M. Schleyer's so-called popular-catechist grammar of Volapük in 1890.
The translator's epilogue shows that Plocek was active in Panslavism, a literary-philosophical
movement of that time. This is also proven by his translations of the so-called
Slavic national anthem, the Czech national anthem and several mythologic tales
Plocek published in Germany in 1890. His translation offers insight into the
early stages of the creation of a Czech grammatical terminology. Plocek was
also a supporter of Schleyer in the grammatical debates with Kerckhoffs in
1888/1889.
2.16 Árpád Ratkai (Szeged/HU): Ido in Hungary
(E)
Although Hungarians were among the earliest proponents of Ido, only from 1913
did an Ido movement exist in Hungary. Ido societies included the 'Uniono di
la Linguo Internaciona Ido (ULII)' and during the revolutionary years (1918-19)
also the 'Ido Federuro di Socialisti (IFS)'. In these years the competition
for public support between Ido and Esperanto reached its climax. Under these
conditions, Budapest became the site of a pioneering attempt to establish an
international scientific language institute (ISL), located in the Science University,
with lecturers in Ido and Esperanto. The triumph of the counter-revolution
destroyed this as well as other initiatives. Between 1917 and 1919 a sizeable
specialist literature in Ido was published, followed by literary works in 1922-1924.
In the last period of the movement the 'Hungariana Federuro dil Mondolinguo
Ido (HFMI)' was active only in the town of Szombathely (1924-1937).
2.17 Ulrich Lins (Köln/DE): Oka Asajirô, a Japanese
Cosmopolitan (D)
Oka Asajirô is considered the most outstanding Japanese biologist of
the 20th century. He popularized Charles Darwin's theories in Japan and also
became internationally known as a zoologist. His works include subjects not
directly related to his own scientific field. The language problem preoccupied
him at an early age, particularly concerning communication among scientists.
He learned several languages and when quite young attempted to compile a planned
language which he called "Zilengo" (‚Our language’).
It was not until the 1930s and 40s that details of this project came to light;
they show great similarity to Esperanto. In 1891, while studying in Germany,
Oka became acquainted with Esperanto; subsequently, in spite of certain doubts
about its structure, he joined the Esperanto movement. He himself did not use
the language for scientific purposes, but taught it to his children. In their
turn two of his sons became zoologists and active Esperantists. Oka could not
foresee that a national language, English, would make such great strides in
international scientific communication, but his ideas are still worthy of consideration.
Among the Japanese of the period between the wars he occupies a prominent position
as an educator, democrat and cosmopolitan.
2.18 Ulrich Becker (New York/US): Interlinguistics and the Internet (D)
Within a few years, the internet has become an increasingly reliable source
of information for researchers in the field of interlinguistics. It is today
also an important means of communication, organization and discussion for the
speakers of planned languages, mainly, but not only, of Esperanto. Therefore,
any linguist or interlinguist who is going to describe a planned language community
and the interrelations of its members has to take the internet seriously. The
article compares the various definitions of the term "interlinguistics" on
the internet, shows where to find information about interlinguistics and planned
languages on the internet, and points out the increasing use of the internet
for organizational purposes for the Esperanto movement and other communities
of speakers of planned languages. In addition, it lists a large number of hyperlinks
for further research.
2.19 Katalin Smidéliusz (Szombathély/HU): Hands-On
Interlinguistics (Language Planning as a Teaching Technique - A Report on
an Experiment at Szombathely
University) (E)
The article describes a unique experiment in which university-level students
studying philology in the Department of Applied Linguistics in Szombathely,
Hungary, working in small groups, had to create linguistic projects for a seminar
in linguistics. The author analyzes what happened in that active and instructive
exercise, which was viewed as very successful by the 33 students involved and
which produced many useful linguistic and pedagogical conclusions. Among the
observations presented and those awaiting further analysis are noteworthy examples
of the pronoun, noun, verb, and number systems of the nine projects.
2.20 Cornelia Mannewitz (Rostock/DE): Linguistic Inventions in Russian Science
Fiction (D)
The article deals with linguistic inventions in selected works from Russian
science fiction (more accurately, it deals primarily with the genre known as
nauchnaya fantastika). Linguistic aspects are examined in conjunction with
their role in the work's contents. As observed in similar genres in other languages,
many linguistic inventions have been worked out (by non-linguists!) to an admirable
degree: the spectrum extends from replacing names of persons with impersonal
numbers and letters (Zamyatin), through the invention of exotic sound combinations
for fictional extraterrestrial languages (A. Tolstoy), to reflections on the
relevance of communication with extraterrestrial civilizations in general (Aitmatov,
A. and B. Strugatzky). An examination of two recent novels in the Russian fantasy
genre together with their linguistic implications (Sorokin, Semyonova) yields
insight into the changes that have taken place in Russian literature over the
last decade, in this field as in others.
2.21 Humphrey Tonkin (West Hartford/US): Esperantology, Exogenous and Endogenous
(E)
Esperantology can be described as the study of linguistic, social, psychological,
cultural and other aspects of Esperanto and its community. Esperanto can be
looked at either as a language among other languages (the exogenous approach)
or as a linguistic phenomenon worthy of analysis in its own terms (the endogenous
approach). Early endogenous work on Esperanto was largely conducted in the
context of expanding the lexical resources, exploring the morphology, and defining
the stylistics of the language. This process brought the language to maturity
in the 1920s and 1930s, a period of considerable literary production and the
publication of large dictionaries, a comprehensive grammar, an encyclopedia,
and literary anthologies. External attention to Esperanto among linguists was
minimal, and largely confined to interlinguistics (the study of planned languages).
Following the war, more systematic efforts were expended on developing Esperanto
studies, but it was in the 1960s and 1970s that the attention of linguists
began to be directed at Esperanto in serious fashion, through the linkage of
the study of planned languages with language planning, the development of sociolinguistics,
rising interest in issues of language policy at the international level, investigation
of roles for Esperanto in machine translation, and an awareness of the connection
between Esperanto as a mode of language equality and the whole question of
linguistic human rights. Meanwhile endogenous study has continued too, in the
production of modern grammars of the language and comprehensive dictionaries.
2.22 Daniele Vitali (Luxemburg/LU): The Nasals in the International Language
(E)
The Ninth of the Fundamental rules which govern Esperanto lays down that every
letter represents a single sound. Taking this principle phonologically, and
not phonetically, phonic variants which ease the flow of the spoken language
are acceptable, as they are in all languages. This applies also to the nasal
phoneme /n/, which may take on the articulation of the following sound; /m/
instead should not be assimilated, to avoid confusion with /n/. The issue of
whether co-articulation within a given word may also apply between two separate
words can be settled by assessing the pragmatic situation involved: in current
Esperanto, it is not the articulation of /n/ which plays a role in distinguishing
between words, but the placing of syllable boundaries and emphasis within the
sentence. Recourse is had to the former, which is available to the speaker
thanks to the agglutinating nature of Esperanto, only when necessary.
2.23 Constantin Dominte (Bukarest/RO): Phonostatistical Remarks on Esperanto
(E)
Phoneme frequency in Esperanto is investigated and related to the relative
frequency of common words and morphemes: affixes, the definite article, the
verb esti, correlatives, prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs including
both derived and unanalysable varieties. The frequency of Esperanto phonemes
is as follows (the numbers indicate the ranks): 1. a, 2. o, 3. i, 4. e, 5.
n, 6. l, 7. r, 8. s, 9. t, 10. k, 11. d, 12. j, 13. u, 14. m, 15. p, 16. b,
17. v, 18. f, 19. g, 20. g, 21. c, 22. c, 23. u, 24. s, 25. z, 26. h, 27. j,
28. h. With an average of 43 vowels and 57 consonants in 100-phoneme texts,
Esperanto is a relatively vocalic language, located approximately between the
more vocalic (Finnish, Turkish, Italian, Neo-Greek, Serbian, Croatian, Rumanian,
Lithuanian, Latin, Slovak, French) and the more consonantal languages (Hungarian,
Swedish, Czech, German and English).
2.24 Ottó Haszpra (Budapest/HU): Frequency of Letters
in Esperanto Texts (E)
Prompted by recent debates on modifications to the Esperanto alphabet, a study
was conducted on the frequency of letters in Esperanto texts. The article includes
a critical overview of previous statistical studies and a new analysis based
on a text corpus of half a million letters divided into corpuses of approximately
20,000 letters each (Table I). Both the average relative frequency of individual
letters and its standard deviation are shown to depend on the character of
the text. Some implications for the relative advantages of different writing
systems for Esperanto are discussed.
2.25 Geraldo Mattos (Rio de Janeiro/BR): The Case of Case (E)
Correct usage of cases is usually taught with the help of grammatical terms
whose real meanings are fully known only to teachers: subject, transitive verb,
direct object and predicate. The present article is intended to demonstrate
that it is possible to teach the usage of cases without special terms, by applying
names directly derived from the regular character of Esperanto. In this way
we can conclude that the usage of the accusative case is decided by two rules
only, which are finally reduced to only one. Although such simple and useful
rules are sufficient to clarify the occurrence of the nominative and accusative
cases, an unequivocal differentiation of the forms involved requires the introduction
of several additional terms.
2.26 Otto Prytz (Oslo/NO): Characterization of the Infinitive in General and
of the Esperanto Infinitive in Particular (E)
The infinitive functions generally as a noun "upwards" and as a verb "downwards",
i.e. in contexts where a noun clause could also be used. The infinitive is
preferred when the subject need not be identified. In Esperanto, infinitives
and noun clauses generally do not stand after a preposition, with exceptions
inspired by language use in German and Russian. According to the development
so far, a growing acceptance of the structure "preposition + infinitive" is
to be expected.
2.27 Erich-Dieter Krause (Leipzig/DE): Asian loan words in Esperanto (D)
Nearly all Esperanto morphemes are derived from Indo-European languages, primarily
Romance (75%), Germanic (20%) and Slavic (5%). Borrowing of lexemes from Asian
or African languages has rarely occurred, and in most cases has been limited
to those already present in European national languages, for example gejso
(geisha), ikebano (ikebana), fezo (fez) or konfucianismo (Confucianism). In
the post-war period French and, more recently, English have dominated the process
of neologism formation. However, the decreasing proportion of Europeans in
the global population and the continued expansion of major languages such as
Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Tagalog, Indonesian, Arabic, Swahili, Hausa and others
make it increasingly imperative to adopt ethnospecific words from these languages,
loans that reflect local and regional material and spiritual cultures and natural
ecology. Large Asian Esperanto dictionaries already contain many such words,
which are categorized and systematized in the present German-language article.
2.28 Ronald Lötzsch (Berlin/DE): Ethnonyms and Names of
Citizens in German,
Russian and Esperanto (D)
In all ethnic languages there are names of peoples, so called ethnonyms. But only few have structural means for deriving names of citizens, consisting of one word. Thus in Russian for example there is a difference between russkie 'members of the Russian people’ and rossijane 'citizens of Russia / of the Russian Federation’. In German one could distinguish between the ethnonym Deutsche 'members of the German people’ and Deutschländer 'citizens of Germany’. By generalizing the models of derivation rusoj -> Rusio -> rusianoj or germanoj -> Germanio -> germanianoj in Esperanto such a differentiation would be applicable to all states.
2.29 Otto Back (Wien/AT): Esperanto traces in Occidental (D)
Designed by Edgar de Wahl (Tallinn, Estonia) and published in the early 1920s,
the auxiliary language Occidental (later renamed Interlingue) soon became
a serious challenger to Esperanto and Ido. It played an important part in
interlinguistic debate for several decades until it gradually lost followers
under the pressure of A. Gode's Interlingua. Nevertheless, even critically
minded specialists pay tribute to Occidental's remarkable intrinsic qualities
- the attempt to achieve regularity within a naturalistic language scheme.
Occidental can be viewed as a project situated at the interface of two major
currents in language design: naturalism and, perhaps surprisingly, the Esperanto
tradition. In fact, de Wahl, in selecting word-stems for his language scheme,
repeatedly drew on, or was influenced by, Esperanto and its descendent, Ido.
The paper deals with the resulting traces of Esperanto in the lexicon of
Occidental. It discusses criteria for the identification and classification
of lexical Esperantisms and presents numerous examples.
2.30 Heidemarie Salevsky (Berlin/DE): Will those evening bells sound right
in Esperanto, too? (The problem of translatability in a planned language) (D)
Taking as a starting-point work by Detlev Blanke, as well as contributions
to the 2nd Nitobe Symposium (Berlin, 1999) and to the conference on "Language
policy in Europe" organized by the Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik
in the same year, this article examines the suitability of Esperanto as a target
language in translation, taking into account the possibilities and limitations
identified in translation theory. The article is divided into three sections.
The first section deals with the specific features of translating into a planned
language as opposed to an ethnic language while the second (the main section)
discusses arguments from the debate on the fundamental issue of non-translatability
as applied to Esperanto, special emphasis being laid on epistemological and
linguistic aspects and the problem of the emotional impact when translating
poetry (as exemplified by a song and its rendering into Esperanto). The third
and final section briefly examines the prospects of Esperanto evolving into
a lingua franca in Europe.
2.31 Gerrit Berveling (Zwolle/NL): Biblical Translation, Especially in Esperanto:
Some Personal Experiences (E)
Biblical translation has been a feature of Esperanto right from the beginning.
Despite the availability of a complete translation of the Bible as early as
1926 (the Universal Congress in Edinburgh) new translations have always been
considered necessary. One reason for this, among others, is the readers' emotional
bond to specific biblical passages. The author gives various examples of the
problems of biblical translation, such as historical and cultural textual references
as well as peculiarities of style, illustrated through the epistles of Paul
the Apostle. He clearly demonstrates the delicate position in which the translator
is placed when choosing between accuracy of content and contemporary readability.
In his own translations the author aims specifically to set aside 'time's
patina’.
2.32 Hans-Burkhard Dietterle (Schönow/DE): Johannes Dietterle
- Organizer of Scientific Work for Esperanto (D)
The name of Dr. Johannes Dietterle, director of the Royal Saxon Esperanto Institute
(SEI) and the Esperanto Institute for the German Reich (GEI) from 1916 to 1932,
is tied to a period of broader and deeper scientific work on behalf of the
language. As the director of what was essentially the headquarters of the German
Esperanto organisations, Dietterle presented an action plan in 1918 which included
the goal of submitting Esperanto to objective scientific inquiry, as well as
using it to promote more equitable international communication. Together with
a team of volunteers, Dietterle soon embarked on organising a number of international
conferences on the use of Esperanto in commerce, transport, and science, as
well as on the introduction of Esperanto into schools. However, the work involved
soon proved to be too much for the GEI's limited personal, financial and material
resources. Only when the Institute's research material and experience could
be combined with the resources of the New York-based International Auxiliary
Language Association (IALA) did it become feasible to organise, within a short
space of time, a number of wide-ranging educational and linguistic experiments
on Esperanto. Another successful partnership was that between Dietterle and
the scientist Eugen Wüster, the author of several important linguistic
works on Esperanto. Research results were published in a number of outstanding
reports. Also of importance was the GEI Commission on Examinations, which helped
to develop a new generation of Esperanto-speaking scientists and researchers.
2.33 Fritz Wollenberg (Berlin/DE): Esperanto in Berlin: Historiographic Reflections
(D)
On the basis of his research on the history of Esperanto in Berlin, the author
discusses the value of such research for local audiences, the international
Esperanto movement and the general public. On the one hand, Esperanto constitutes
a part of Berlin culture, as seen in the example of the outstanding reform
pedagogue Wilhelm Wittbrodt, whose work as a Headmaster and Chief School Inspector
was inextricably linked with his activities as an Esperanto teacher and President
of the Berlin Esperanto Association. On the other hand, Berlin Esperanto history
has also played a role in international Esperanto culture, involving such important
figures as L.L. Zamenhof, A. Cseh and Eugen Wüster. Arguably, the history
of the city's Esperanto collections, such as that in the Berlin State Library,
is in itself a worthy topic of research. The author concludes his article with
some examples of new forms of collaboration, reactions to his research, and
present activities in Berlin.
2.34 Zbignew Galor (Poznan/PL): The Esperanto Movement: A Lost Community? (E)
Conceptions of the Esperanto community often imitate models based on national
communities, but neither theoretical nor empirical research should be limited
to such categories. The paper deals with the problem of whether the contemporary
Esperanto movement has lost its ideological community. Sociological approaches
to the Esperanto community and movement (both commonsense and scientific) are
analyzed, interpreted, and their most common characteristics, their structure
and culture are shown. Critical questions are raised concerning the notion
of the Esperanto community as a diaspora, and the confrontation of 'finvenkismo’ (regarding
Esperanto as a common language for everybody in the future) with 'Raumismo’ (using
Esperanto for its cultural values without this aim). In conclusion, it is argued
that old and new forms of activities and organizations should be clearly distinguished.
The Esperanto community can regress, be in crisis, or even disappear, just
as it developed.
2.35 Andy Künzli (Bern/CH): René de Saussure (1868-1943)
- A Tragic But Important Interlinguist (E)
The mathematician René de Saussure embarked on the serious study of
planned languages in 1906. In his study La construction logique des mots en
Espéranto (Genève 1910), he presented a convincing analysis of
the categories and logic of Esperanto word formation, thereby refuting some
of the theoretical criticisms of the Ido movement. From 1907, under the pseudonym ‚Antido’,
René de Saussure published a series of proposals on the reform of Esperanto,
involving orthography, graphemes (diacritical letters), correlatives, word
formation, and to some extent the grammar (accusative) and lexicon. Neither
the Esperantists nor Idists took notice of his often confusing proposals. The
Esperanto Academy even expelled de Saussure, resulting in his total isolation.
Nevertheless, René de Saussure's scientific work on the planned language
question rendered Esperanto a great and lasting service.
2.36 Balázs Wacha (Budapest/HU): Some Reflections on René de
Saussure (E)
The author reflects on the linguistic and scientific influences which led
René de Saussure to develop his theory of Esperanto word formation.
Among these are the ideas of Louis Couturat (1907), one of the most important
Esperanto theoreticians. The article considers the peculiarities of the Esperanto
community in this initial period as well as linguistic traditions in Europe.
The major emphasis is on the relationship between word classes in Esperanto.
2.37 Till-Dietrich Dahlenburg (Brüel/DE): Political Topicality
in Esperanto Textbooks by East German Authors (E)
Foreign language textbooks, as a rule, contain both material and exercises
that are timeless and others that relate to topical events in, among other
things, politics. The latter can be important in the process of learning and
in the formation of opinion. The article analyzes Esperanto textbooks and course
materials by GDR authors published between 1965 and 1996, presenting examples
of politically coloured sentences and items. The author asks the question whether
political topicality and reflection of social conditions should be included
or avoided in textbooks. The intention is to stimulate discussion within the
Esperanto community on the meaning and limits of neutrality for the Esperanto
language and movement.
2.38 Sabine Fiedler (Leipzig/DE): "Die B/blanke Wissenschaft" -
Ludic Communication in Esperanto (E)
Wordplay can be characterized as a main feature of Esperanto-communication. Examples can be found on all linguistic levels. On the basis of empirical data, the article analyzes and describes the main types of wordplay (such as playing around with proper names, initials, phraseological units and punning based on pseudo-homonymy). Problems of acceptance and understanding in the international speech community are discussed. The article's main focus is a comparative analysis of the linguistic characteristics that make creative wordplay possible in Esperanto. Some, such as its agglutinative structure and the highly productive word-formation system encourage witty joking, whereas some techniques of punning, well-known in ethnic languages, cannot be found due to Esperanto's general properties (grammar without exceptions and lexis with little ambiguity). Some peculiarities of the speech community, above all the non-existence of native speaker norms, and the emotional ties many speakers form with the language, encourage creative wordplay in Esperanto.
2.39 Aleksandr Melnikov (Rostov/RU): On the Aesthetic/Emotive Function of
Esperanto (E)
An analysis of the language of Esperanto speakers, as evinced in hundreds of
books, periodicals, letters and in oral speech, demonstrates that Esperanto
is used as an emotive medium in all kinds of art with a verbal dimension, such
as literature (prose, poetry, drama), rhetoric, singing etc. It is shown that
synonymy, polysemy, antonymy, paronymy and connotations are well-developed
in Esperanto, as illustrated by examples in the field of word formation and
syntax as well as rhetorical figures (such as ellipses, pleonasms, repetition,
analogy, periphrases, metaphors and metonymy). It is further shown how Esperanto
lexis reflects the culture of the speech community. This refutes the predictions
of some scholars who consider international planned languages (IPLs) incapable
of transferring and creating aesthetic values, as well as contradicting the
postulates of some IPL theorists themselves.
2.40 Heinz Hoffmann (Radebeul/DE): The Role of a Planned Language in Dealing
with Conceptual Differences between Languages: The Case of Railway Terminology
in Esperanto (E)
During several decades of terminological work in the International Railway
Workers' Esperanto Federation, a major problem encountered was the conceptual
differentiation of terms for real existing things in individual languages.
Many corpora of terms used for translation purposes pretend conceptual uniformity
despite actual conceptual differences. The problem can be illustrated by comparing
the German concepts Bahn and Eisenbahn with the Hungarian concepts pálya
and vasút. In Esperanto the term fervojo is used for the second concept
(Eisenbahn), whereas the first, more general concept is paraphrased. The creation
of a new word for this would be possible, but it would contradict the desired
stability of Esperanto: the language's 100-year history does impose some limits
on flexibility. Another typical example of inter-lingual differences between
concepts is Bahnhof as a railway term (in Esperanto: stacio): definitions from
Germany, Switzerland and Hungary are compared. Because Esperanto is not obliged
to abide by the constraints imposed by official language laws and regulations,
it could play an important role in international concept standardization, which
could be imagined in two phases. In the first, harmonized concept systems would
be valid simultaneously with terms as presently defined in laws and regulations.
In the second phase, national laws and regulations would be brought into line
with internationally standardized concept systems. An example of such a harmonization
proposal is given.
2.41 Boris D. Marinov/Karl-Hermann Simon/Ingward Ullrich/Horst Weckwerth (BG/DE):
On the International Language Communication in the Field of Forestry (E)
In 1981 some Esperanto speaking foresters initiated the "Lexicon silvestre" (LS)
- project. The aim was to compile a multilingual dictionary of technical terms
related to forestry, landscape use, nature conservation, and wood technologies
for experts and interested people. Unlike most dictionaries, the LS is organized
by concepts defined interlingually to achieve a better understanding. The authors
describe the terminological, scientific, and lexicographical aspects of the
project, emphasising the practical experience gained so far and the guiding
principles necessary for the project's success. One outcome has been to accelerate
the development of forestry terminology in Esperanto. The work is intended
to serve as a basis for terminological description and development in other
languages as well.
2.42 Ulrich Fellmann (Frankfurt a. M./DE): Big Numbers in Esperanto (E)
There are many possibly problematic synonyms and homonyms with regard to big
numbers in Esperanto, more than in any other language. Terms for big numbers
are based upon the same Latin-French roots in all Western languages and languages
influenced by them. These roots are also used in Esperanto to form words for
numbers meaning a million or more. Unfortunately, there is no agreement on
their meaning since the creators of the Complete Illustrated Dictionary (PIV)
were not able to decide which of the Western language systems should be used
as a model system: e.g. the Esperanto word "biliono" can mean "billion" (as
is understood in the US) or "trillion". In older British English,
people would have said "milliard" or "billion", which shows
that we had the same problem of ambiguity in the English-speaking world. There
is a third system in Esperanto, which might offer a solution to this problem.
Unfortunately, this is hardly known by the average Esperanto user, although
it can be found in the PIV. One drawback of this unambiguous system, however,
is that some of its forms are similar to certain terms in the "classical" systems.
Of course, Esperanto-speaking scientists will make use of another, really international
solution: the scientific prefixes for numbers, where "mega" means
one million. This fourth system is also represented in the PIV, which thus
presents a collection of four complete systems. Although we see that such ambiguity
and parallel forms can also be found in other languages, Esperanto in fact
is unique with respect to its great variety of forms. In the context of a planned
language this is surprising. According to the author, it would be an asset
to international communication in Esperanto if the first two systems, which
are mutually incompatible, were no longer used.
2.43 Ilona Koutny (Poznan/PL): Challenges of Modern Lexicography to Esperanto
(E)
This paper analyzes the role of dictionaries for Esperanto and its language
community. Enrichment of vocabulary to express new concepts is a normal phenomenon
in the life of languages, but nowadays this process has become more intense.
Informatics has recently opened up many new opportunities for lexicography.
Very large representative textual corpora now enable an objective exploitation
of the experiences of the language community, because they present a real picture
of the words, grammatical and linguistic forms effectively being used. Dictionaries
published on compact disc or in the Web do not have size restrictions and can
be updated regularly. A new type of collaboration between editors, and even
the wider public, has developed. These electronic dictionaries can be integrated
into word processing tools, so their consultation is more frequent. The first
steps for Esperanto have been taken: some electronic dictionaries have appeared;
some are accessible in the Web, and so available to a wider public than paper
dictionaries, and a Web dictionary has been started. The technical possibilities
do not make meticulous and conscious lexicographic work superfluous, but they
do make it easier to accomplish. A representative Esperanto corpus is urgently
needed in order to assist reliable and exact lexicographic activity. In addition,
this corpus would conserve valuable works no longer available and make them
accessible to the general public through the Web.
3 Terminologio
3.1 Konciza historio de terminara laboro æe Internacia Fervojista Esperanto-Federacio IFEF
Heinz Hoffmann
Daýre evoluigi internacian planlingvon nepre inkluzivu faklingve agi. Ni konsideru termin-aran laboron baza elemento en æiu faka Esperanto-organizo, do fundamento por faka inter-kompreniøo.
Ne necesis komenci æe nulo: Jam Zamenhof mem kreis vortojn necesajn en øeneraluza lingvo, kiuj ankaý estas fakaj esprimoj. Plena Ilustrita Vortaro enhavas ekzemple frazparton de nia majstro: promenante apud la reloj de fervojo . Øuste la nocioj de ambaý vortoj relo kaj fervojo aktuale cerbumigas nian Terminaran Sekcion dum diskutado pri la nova magnetþvebiga transportsistemo. Sed por funkcianta faka lingvo necesas decidoj pri miloj da terminoj, kiuj estu nek homonimoj nek sinonimoj.
La historio de nia terminara laboro enhavas plurajn periodojn laýkvalitajn.
Komence unuopuloj proponis termintradukojn surbaze de fakvortaro el unu nacia
lingvo. Tiu unua periodo daýris de 1923, kiam aperis terminareto de
Georg HABELLOK kun 1300 fakaj esprimoj surbaze de germana lingvo, øis
1955, kiam André BLONDEAUX fintradukis la francan Leksikonon Teknikan
de Fervojo kun 5300 terminoj.
En 1957 Internacia Fervojunio UIC eldonis la unuan Leksikonon Øeneralan
de Fervojaj Terminoj (LEXIQUE GÉNÉRAL DES TERMES FERROVIAIRES)
kun preskaý 9000 fakaj esprimoj. André BLONDEAUX tradukis ankaý tiun
verkon øis 1960. Kvankam la terminaro enhavas ses lingvojn, nome anglan,
francan, germanan, hispanan, italan kaj nederlandan, øi tute sekvas
la nociosistemaron de franca faklingvo.
La ekzisto de plurlingva terminaro instigis al pensoj, kiel eviti tro nacilingvecajn tradukojn, do kiel internaciigi terminaran laboron. Aliaj kritikoj koncernis la fakton, ke unusola tradukanto ne povas esti kompetenta en æiuj fervojaj subfakoj. Estiøis malperfektaåoj, ekzemple neklara diferencigo inter manovri kaj ranøi , trajno kaj vagonaro , pezo kaj maso . Tiel naskiøis dua periodo laýkvalita en la agado. La trakto de dua øis kvara eldonoj de Leksikono Øenerala okazis kun multpersona internacia reviziado. Tiu reviziado evoluis al ankoraý nun uzata labormetodo de Terminara Sekcio. Øi ebligas partoprenon de gekolegoj el multaj landoj sub egalaj kondiæoj.
La serio de Leksikono Øenerala tamen ne tute kontentigis la esperantistojn-fervojistojn. Temis unuflanke pri tro eta nombro da enestantaj nacilingvoj, aliaflanke pri tro ega nombro da specialaj terminoj. Do celo estis verki dulingvajn terminaretojn facile aplikeblajn por normala faka komunikado - æiujn kun sama nocia enhavo. Inter 1966 kaj 1978 aperis sep tiaj Esperanto-terminaretoj: germana de Gernot RITTERSPACH, hungara de István BÁCSKAI, norvega de Per ENGEN kaj Per Johan KROGSTIE, serbokroata de Josip ZUPANIC kaj Ludoviko SEKEREÞ, nederlanda de Jan HARDEVALD, sveda de Harry BENGTSSON kaj franca de André BLONDEAUX.
Grava evento en tiu periodo estis apero de Plena Ilustrita Vortaro PIV en 1970 kun 134 difinitaj fervojfakaj kapvortoj. Terminara Komisiono sub gvido de Gernot RITTERSPACH proponis en 1973 dudek kvin plibonigojn kaj kompletigojn de terminoj aý difinoj. Preskaý æiuj proponoj aperis en PIV-suplemento - dek kvin jarojn poste !
Alia signifoplena paþo estis kreo de Terminara Kuriero, de komunikilo por kunordigi la komunan laboron en 1976. Øis hodiaý kaj estonte øi informis kaj informos pri progreso kaj rezultoj de terminara laboro - æiam lerte ilustrita per humuraj desegnaåoj fare de redaktoro Heinz Dieter HARTIG. Aperis øis nun 104 numeroj.
Koncerne la seslingvan Leksikonon Øeneralan estis decidita celo, samtempe
je apero de ties kvara eldono, kunlabore kun UIC, fini tradukadon de la tuta
verko al Esperanto, kvazaý al sepa lingvo. Per ege streæa laboro,
helpe de novaj komputoro kaj presilo, la tasko estis plenumata en 1989. FERVOJA
TERMINARO aperis samtempe kun la kvara UIC-leksikono sur scenejo.
Monatojn poste, en januaro 1990, la lerta gvidanto Gernot RITTERSPACH mortis.
... Heinz Dieter HARTIG transprenis la taskojn de gvidanto de Terminara Komisiono.
Pro ties malsaniøo fine de 1991, d-ro József HALÁSZ daýrigis
la gvidlaboron.
En tiu periodo, UIC anstataýis sian Leksikonon Øeneralan per
elektronika datumbanko RailLexic. Pro speciala rolo de Hungaraj Þtatfervojoj
MÁV æe tiu projekto kaj dank´ al bonaj rilatoj inter MÁV
kaj hungaraj IFEF-anoj, sukcesis komuna laborkunsido en aýgusto 1992.
Tre grava øojiga rezulto estis decido, ke en RailLexic-projekto, IFEF
partoprenos samrange kiel fervojentreprena membro. Do, Esperanto tiel estiøis
unu el la datumbankaj lingvoj.
Interne de IFEF en 1993 okazis komisiona strukturþanøo. Oni unuigis Fakprelegan Komisionon kaj Terminaran Komisionon al Faka Komisiono (gvidanto: József HALÁSZ) kun Fake Aplika Sekcio (sekretario: Ladislav KOVÁR) kaj Terminara Sekcio (sekretario: Heinz HOFFMANN).
Æe tiu punkto estas menciendaj pensoj pri novaj taskoj de terminara laboro. Jam en la periodo de Leksikono Øenerala estiøis plano krei
1-e Nacilingvajn Vortarojn por lingvoj mankantaj en Leksikono Øenerala,
2-e Aktualan Vortaron por novaj nocioj difinitaj, kiuj ankoraý ne troviøas
en Leksikono Øenerala kaj
3-e Difinvortaron por gravaj fervojfakaj nocioj, kiuj ne troviøas en
Plena Ilustrita Vortaro, aý tie ne estas bone difinitaj.
Tiuj laboroj komenciøis, sed pro la projekto RailLexic necesis denove pripensi la tutan aferon.
Al 1 UIC planis, paþe enigi pli kaj pli da lingvoj. La unua eldono de RailLexic aperis en 1995 kun dek unu lingvoj, aldone kun la hungara, pola, portugala, sveda kaj Esperanto. En la dua eldono aperinta en 1997, aldone troviøas la æeða, dana kaj rumana, do entute dek kvar lingvoj. Tiu evoluo estas daýrigata. Por la tria eldono estas deciditaj aldone la japana, rusa, serba kaj slovaka. Sekve pli kaj pli malaperas neceso krei nacilingvajn vortarojn fare de esperantistoj.
Al 2 UIC planis, æiujare aldoni novajn terminojn. Vere, en la unua eldono de RailLexic, la suplemento konsistis el 875, en la dua eldono el 944 kaj en la tria eldono el 303 novaj fakaj esprimoj. Do, la perioda aktualigo jam tre ampleksas.
Al 3 UIC planis, aldoni difinojn por novaj nocioj. Tio okazis unuafoje en 1996 prepare al la dua RailLexic-eldono.
Kun la eblo krei taýgajn terminojn surbaze de difinoj, komenciøis tria periodo laýkvalita. Antaýa grava manko estis, ke nia komisiono ne en æiuj subfakoj kaj subfaketoj disponas pri ekspertoj klare sciantaj, kiuj nocioj kaþas sin malantaý terminoj anglaj, francaj aý germanaj. Cetere, nacilingvaj terminoj ofte naskiøas tro spontanee, kaj pro tio ne estas bona bazo por traduko. Do, sole difino sufiæe taýgas por kreo de termino.
Tamen restas æirkaý dek mil fakaj esprimoj - inter ili plej gravaj - sen difino. Montriøas alia grava manko: En multaj fervojaj subfakoj ne okazis internacia lingvonormigo kiel en scienco kaj tekniko. Sekve ekzistas nacie diferencaj nociosistemoj. Tio kaýzas ne ekvivalentajn naciajn difinojn. En internacia planlingvo necesas komplika terminologia laboro por trovi taýgajn - æefe kompromisajn - solvojn. Kiel unuan etan paþon, Terminara Sekcio ellaboris æi-koncernan modelan Nocioelektan Kontribuon, kiu temas pri sep malgrandaj sed gravaj fervojaj nociokompleksoj. Øi estis prezentita al UIC en 1995.
Tre grava evento atingis la sekcion en 1996: Ni estis petataj kontribui al
nuna revizio de Plena Ilustrita Vortaro. Tio estis granda honoro, kiu spegulas
reputacion de nia terminara agado. El akcepto de la tasko estiøis dudek-paøa
proponaro pri fervojfakaj terminoj kaj ties difinoj.
La aktuala enhavo de datumbanko RailLexic estas publikigebla je tri formoj:
unue sur kompakta diskedo „CD-ROM“ kun æiuj lingvoj, due
sur aro da unuopaj diskedoj, kaj trie en plurlingvaj libroj. Dank´ al
la bona kunlaboro inter nia hungara grupo kaj Hungaraj Þtatfervojoj,
eblis presi 13-voluman serion da dulingvaj libroj enhavantaj la duan eldonon
de RailLexic. Æiuj volumoj enhavas Esperanton kiel unuan lingvon. Dum
49-a IFEF-kongreso en 1997, tiuj bonkvalite binditaj libroj estis prezentataj
por vendo.
Ni ne kaþu, ke la daýra laboro por RailLexic ege streæas la kunlaborantojn, æar necesas obei al tre proksimaj limdatoj de UIC. Precipa þarøo estas la decido de UIC, enigi grandan kvanton da ne fervojtipaj nocioj, ekzemple el øenerala tekniko, telekomuniko, datumpri-laboro ktp en la datumbankon. Ankaý tiuj terminoj estas tradukendaj. Aparta tasko en 1997 estis traduki Terminaron de Kombinita Trafiko kun difinoj, fare de tri kunlaborantoj.
Fine io pri la sekcianoj: Laý aktuala adresaro pretas kunlabori 39
gekolegoj el 16 landoj, nome unu el Aýstrio, unu el Belgio, kvar el Æeðio,
unu el Æinio, kvar el Danio, unu el Francio, tri el Germanio, ses el
Hungario, du el Italio, du el Japanio, du el Jugoslavio, kvar el Norvegio,
unu el Pollando, kvar el Rumanio, du el Slovakio kaj unu el Slovenio. La plej
aktivaj grupoj estas la aýstra, æeða, dana, germana, hungara,
itala, jugoslava kaj rumana.
3.2 Pri terminologio en fakaplika libro
En la tempo de 10.-12.11.2000 en Praha okazis la dua Kolokvo Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko (KAEST), kiun arangxis Cxehxa Esperanto-Asocio kunlabore kun la Kongresa kaj Kleriga Entrepreno KAVA-PECH.
La prelegoj aperis kiel libro:
Pluhar, Zdenek (2001, Red.):Fakaj aplikoj de Esperanto (Serio: Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko, 2). Dobrichovice, 157 p., ISBN 80-85853-52-3
De interlingvistika intereso precipe estas la parto B, kiun ni reproduktas:
1,5 Seiten
Esperantologio kaj Interlingvistiko
Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado